Closed-form relations are presented for estimating ratios of the induced-drag and lift coefficients acting on a wing in ground effect to those acting on the same wing outside the influence of ground effect. The closed-form relations for these ground-effect influence ratios were developed by correlating results obtained from numerical solutions to Prandtl’s lifting-line theory. Results show that these influence ratios are not unique functions of the ratio of wing height to wingspan, as is sometimes suggested in the literature. These ground-effect influence ratios also depend on the wing planform, aspect ratio, and lift coefficient.
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